III.   Rights

A Trust is a fiction form of relation and agreement whereby one or more Rights or Property are held under certain conditions by one or more Trustees for the benefit of another (Beneficiary).

The word Public in the context of Public Law comes from the Latin word publico meaning “confiscation/management of property under the custody of mature and adult men (custodians)”. Hence the word Public literally means “the management of Rights or Property for the benefit of another”. Valid Public Law is therefore equivalent to Trust Law and vice versa. In the absence of proper Trust Law there can be no Public Law.

The word Trust comes from the abbreviation of a Latin phrase associated with the Feudal system of the Roman Death Cult of the Pisans/Venetians in the 14th Century being “Tu Rus Tuum” meaning “My land/village/farm/body/blood is Yours” as a solemn and strong vocal pledge of assurance and loyalty to such forces:

(i) By the 15th Century, the word Trust acquired the additional meaning of “confidence”. By the 16th Century, the word Trust acquired its commercial connotation as equivalent to “credit”; and

(ii) In 1536, under Henry VIII (27 Hen 8 c 10), laws were passed replacing the Carolingian Catholic concept of Legal Rights or “Ius” with the words “Use” or “Uses” as a “privilege” from the Latin usus meaning “Use (of Land), Benefit (of Land), Practice, Skill, Experience, Custom, Intercourse, Need, Necessity or Service”; and

(iii) Prior to the heavy re-editing and re-writing of statutes, the same act (27 Hen 8 c 10) in 1536 of Henry VIII also replaced the Carolingian Catholic concept of Moral Rights or “Fas” with the word “Usury” as a “benefit” from the Latin usurae meaning “Benefit of Use, Enjoyment, Rent, Wage, Salary, Simus (Interest), Income, Gain, Profit or Commerce”; and

(iv) In 1601, (43 Eliz I, c.4) a statute was introduced permitting privileged non-clergy to form estates and companies for “charitable work” granting them certain exemptions against rates for “Uses” and granting other various exemptions against duties, taxes and tithes from “Usury” (i.e. Income, Gain or Profit); and

(v) In 1660, upon the restoration of the crown (12 Car. II. c. 13), the concept of Usury was demonized and converted into a “sin”, whilst heavy editing of previously fake and concocted scripture under the King James Bible was re-written to attack the notions of “Benefit of Use, Enjoyment, Rent, Wage, Salary, Simus (Interest), Income, Gain, Profit or Commerce” as evil. In its place, the notion of mere “sustenance” and the virtue of “poverty” were promoted to the masses as positive aspirations; and

(vi) From 1676 (29 Car. 2 c.3), documents and “paper” took precedence in Western-Roman Law concerning the establishment and existence of valid Trusts, Wills and Testaments, Conveyances, Titles and Agreements to the detriment of auricular testimony; and

(vii) The fundamental role of Oaths in the history of civilization in forming sacred and valid Trusts was deliberately diminished by Westminster in 1695 (8 Will. III c.34) and the promotion of anti-Oath sects based on further absurd corruptions inserted into the Holy Bible to imply Oaths were contrary to Divine Law. The Quakers were granted exemption from Oaths through the concept of Affirmation. Quakers were then promoted to “Trustee” roles in Banks, Merchant Industries and Civil Service dealing with property”; and

(viii) The “State” and its agents assuming greater powers and control as Trustees under Western-Roman Law was significantly extended under Queen Anne in 1707 (6 Ann. c.18) concerning people presumed “dead” and in 1708 (7 Ann. c.19) concerning the property of “infants”. In both cases, the concept of “secret trusts”, also known as “cestui que vie trusts” were then administered by the crown as Trustee; and

(ix) In 1731 (4 Geo. II c.10) under King George II of Great Britain, Westminster expanded the power and scope of itself as Trustees and the use of “cestui que vie trusts” to include the concept of the property of “lunatics” and “idiots” being held in such trusts; and

(x) In 1775, Westminster and the Bank of England were sufficiently confident to enclose the very concept of a valid Oath for the first time in civilized history through (25 Geo.III c.39) by claiming Justices of the Peace then be empowered to administer (valid) Oaths. Thus the evidence in writing of a valid oath and then witnessed in writing by a Justice of the Peace became primary proof, not the auricular event itself and associated witnesses; and

(xi) In 1825 (6 Geo. IV c.74), with the Bank of England assuming effectively the role of the Crown (Corporation), Westminster consolidated and then expanded its powers and authorities as Trustees by combining the concepts of cestui que vie trusts for “idiots, lunatics, infants or trustees of unsound mind” ensuring that such property was to be administered by the Bank of England; and

(xii) In 1850 (13 & 14 Vict. c.60), Westminster revised the laws concerning property held by Trustees and Mortgagees with particular emphasis in watering down the historic nature of Trusts and Trustees to include the concepts of “implied and constructive trusts” being fictions and pseudo-trusts resembling (in name) trusts but having none of the customary characteristics with the operation of such pseudo trusts being determined by the laws of Westminster. Hence, the birth of deliberately false trusts being nothing more than implied contracts; and

(xiii) In 1872 (35 & 36 Vict. c.79) Westminster extended the concept of secret “implied or constructive” cestui que vie trusts to all persons by assuming all people who do not redeem themselves are by default some form of idiot, lunatic, infant or trustee of unsound mind. Under the guise of “health”, sanitary districts were identified as “wards” for implied lunatics. The effect being that the Bank of England operating as the Crown was now the “trustee” for all persons in England, Great Britain and the Dominions and Colonies of England and Great Britain.

(xiv) In 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c.59) and then in 1893 (56 & 57 Vict. c.53) the role of the Trustee fundamentally changed from executor and administrator to a role with full investment and personal wealth creation capacity. Now, agencies, corporations, independent contractors and other bodies “acting” in the capacity of a trustee (such as judges, magistrates and others) stood to obtain substantial financial enrichment in complete contradiction to the public expressed history and principles of fiduciary responsibility and trust. Thus, the end of any pretence of Rule of Law for Great Britain and its dominions and previous colonies can be said to be this watershed in defiling all known respect for law and the practical collapse of Trust Law and Public Law.

All valid Trusts may be categorized by their proper formation as either Instructed or Facilitated:

(i) Instructed Trust, also known under Inferior Roman Law as an “Express Trust”, is when a Trust is created by a Trustor and Trustee with clear intentions, subject matter and purpose(s) by a person having the legal capacity to perform such an act; and

(ii) Facilitated Trust, also known under Inferior Roman Law as an “Implied Trust”, is when a Trust is created by a Surrogate Trustor or simply a “Surrogate” and Trustee by implication and function of law, being either a “Manufactured Trust” (Constructive Trust) by operation of law, or a “Consequential Trust” (Resulting Trust) by effect of events determined by law.

A Trustor is the generic term for anyone possessing the proper authority to transfer any rights, title or property to another. The other party upon acceptance of the Fiduciary obligations upon a valid Oath and Vow then formalizes the valid Trust as Trustee. All persons that possess the proper authority to transfer any rights, title or property to another are by default “Trustors”.

There are only four (4) possible types of Trustor, depending upon the primary nature and intention associated with any conveyance of rights, title or property in Trust being Grantor, Donor, Assignor or Delegator:

(i) A Grantor is a person who conveys or transfers complete possession and ownership of property for some financial consideration in return under one or more terms and conditions and may be further defined as a Feoffor, Devisor, Testator, Settlor, Obligor, Addressor, Sender, Seller or Purchaser; and

(ii) A Donor is a person who conveys or transfers complete possession and ownership of property without any financial consideration under one or more terms and conditions and may be further defined as a Giftor, Debtor, Guarantor, Indemnitor or Mortgagor; and

(iii) An Assignor is a person who temporarily conveys or transfers one or more benefits and rights of possession and use of some property for some financial consideration in return, under one or more terms and conditions and may be further defined as a Consignor, Bailor, Depositor, Employer, Insurer, Hirer, Lessor, Lender, Creditor, Licensor, Lienor or Scrivener; and

(iv) A Delegator is a person who temporarily conveys or transfers one or more benefits and rights of possession and use of some property without any financial consideration under one or more terms and conditions and may be further defined as an Executor, Commissioner or Administrator.

A Trustee is an Office formed by a valid Oath and Vow to the Terms of Trust to take possession of certain Rights and Property from a Trustor and perform certain Obligations:

(i) The manner and character of a Trustee may be described as a position of Trust that is equivalent to the term Fiduciary; and

(ii) The valid Oath and Vow taken as to the Terms and Conditions of Trust creates the Office of Trustee; and

(iii) In the absence of a valid Oath and Vow, no Office may exist; and

(iv) The Obligations of the Trustee are defined by the Trustor or Surrogate Trustor and expressed clearly to the Trustee. A Trustee is not a Trustee unless their Oath and Vow is done in knowledge of their Obligations; and

(v) When the Obligations are defined in writing, the document is called the Trust Instrument; and

(vi) The sacred covenant Pactum De Singularis Caelum is the highest possible Oath and Vow of the Divine Creator of all Existence and all Heaven and Earth in the formation of all Divine Trusts and True Trusts; and

(vii) The sacred constitution charters of the Ucadia Globe Union, Africans Union, Americas Union, Arabian Union, Asia Union, Euro Union and Oceanic Union are the highest possible Oaths and Vows in the formation of all Superior Member Trusts.

A Beneficiary is a named or unnamed party at the time of the formation of the Trust who benefits or receives an advantage in Trust. A Beneficiary, by definition is an “interested party” in a Trust or Estate:

(i) A named Beneficiary is an agent (with the Trustee being the principal) and may be commissioned or non-commissioned; and

(ii) An unnamed Beneficiary is a creditor (with the Trustee acting as debtor) to whom the trustee owes basic duties arising by law, agreement or claim.

All valid Trusts, by their formation are classified as either Instructed Trusts or Facilitated Trusts and must possess the following ten Essential Characters of Trust being Rights, Trustor, Trustee, Reason, Intention, Benefit, Condition, Oath and Vow, Execution and Proof:

(i) Rights means there must be something that may be clearly defined in terms of Rights or Property to convey in the first instance; and

(ii) Trustor means there must be a valid Trustor or Surrogate Trustor (as in the case of a Facilitated Trust) possessing the necessary authority to transfer any Rights or Property to another; and

(iii) Trustee means there must be a suitably competent, capable and willing person prepared to make a valid Oath and Vow to accept custody of the Rights or Property from the Trustor or Surrogate Trustor; and

(iv) Reason means there must exist at least one clear Purpose or valid Reason for the Trustor to convey and transfer the Rights or Property to the Trustee; and

(v) Intention means the Trustor or Surrogate Trustor must demonstrate via some Act their intention to convey and transfer the Rights or Property to the Trustee; and

(vi) Benefit means there exists a clear Benefit to be offered to another as one or more named or unnamed Beneficiaries; and

(vii) Condition means at least one or more terms and conditions exist as to the obligations of the Trustee to manage such Rights or Property and also to any Beneficiaries accepting one or more Benefits; and

(viii) Oath and Vow means the person agreeing to be Trustee made a valid Oath and Vow to accept the Rights or Property under one or more Conditions; and

(ix) Execution means the Trustor and Trustee executed the formal transfer and conveyance of such Rights or Property after the valid Oath and Vow was given; and

(x) Proof means some proof in the form of written instruments or testimony under valid Oath and Vow exists as a memorial of the event and execution of the agreement.

A Trust that is deficient in possessing one or more of the ten Essential Characters of Trust cannot be regarded as a valid Trust:

(i) There can never be less than two separate and distinct persons involved in the valid creation of a Trust, even if a Trustor is a Surrogate; and

(ii) A person cannot be both the Trustee/Administrator and Beneficiary at the same time; Nor can the same person be both Executor and Trustee at the same time; and

(iii) No valid Trust may exist where the legal Title and beneficial interest are both vested in the same person; and

(iv) The rights administered by the Trustee cannot exceed the original rights conveyed by the Trustor; and

(v) It is the Oath and Vow of the Trustee that essentially forms the fundamental Character of the Trust. Therefore in the absence of any record of a valid Oath or Vow, there is no Trust; and

(vi) As a Trustee is bound by Fiduciary Capacity to act in good trust (bona fide), good character and good conscience, any Trust formed under bad faith, false, deceptive or misleading behaviour automatically renders such a Trust null and void from the beginning; and

(vii) As the presence of at least one Trustee is fundamental to the existence of a Trust, the absence of a Trustee from such Office, without a duly appointed Surrogate, therefore collapses the Trust; and

(viii) A Trustee that fundamentally breaches one or more conditions of the Trust, even if the Trust was formed under proper Fiduciary capacity, automatically dissolves his/her Office and Oath and Vow, thus dissolving the Trust, if only one Trustee exists.

All valid Trusts may be further categorized according to the essential Status and Authority of the Trustor, being Divine, Living or Deceased:

(i) The highest form of Trust is a Divine Trust also involving the highest form of rights of ownership. A Divine Trust is purely spiritual and divinely supernatural formed in accord with the sacred Covenant Pactum De Singularis Caelum by the Divine Creator whereby the form of Divine Spirit, Energy and Rights are conveyed. Therefore, a Divine Trust is the only possible type of Trust that can hold actual Form, rather than just the Rights of Use of Form (Property); and

(ii) A Living Trust, also called an “Inter Vivos” Trust is the second highest form of rights of ownership. A Living Trust typically exists for the duration of the lifetime of the Person(s) or Juridic Person(s) who are the beneficiaries. There are only four (4) valid forms of Living Trusts: True, Superior, Temporary and Inferior; and

(iii) A Deceased Trust, also known as a Testamentary Trust, also known as a Deceased Estate and simply a State is the lowest form of Trust and the lowest form of rights of ownership of any possible form of Trust. A Deceased Trust is when property is conveyed into a Testamentary Trust upon the death of the testator. Inferior Roman law has a hybrid Deceased Trust called a Cestui Que Vie Trust that uses false, deceptive, misleading, absurd, immoral, repugnant and illogical presumptions to create Deceased Estates for the living on the presumption they are “dead at law; or lost or abandoned at sea; or an idiot or lunatic”.

In respect of the four types of Living Trusts being True, Superior, Temporary and Inferior:

(i) A True Trust is the highest form of Living Trust. A True Trust is formed by a True Person in accord with the sacred Covenant Pactum De Singularis Caelum when it is validly registered into the Great Register and Public Record of a Ucadian Society on the condition of (1) the pre-existence of a Divine Trust where the True Person is the named Beneficiary; and (2) the lawful conveyance from the Divine Trust into the True Trust of certain Divine Rights of Use known as Divinity, being the highest possible form of any kind of Property. A True Trust may be for a single man, or woman called a “True Person Trust”, a True Location Trust containing Divine Right of Possession of Promised Land, or an aggregate trust such as a Universal True Trust, Global True Trust or Civil True Trust; and

(ii) A Superior Trust is the second highest form of Living Trust. A Superior Trust is formed in accordance with the covenant Pactum De Singularis Caelum and the associated Constitutional Charters of valid Ucadian Societies when it is validly registered into the Great Register and Public Record of a Ucadian Society on the condition of (1) the pre-existence of a True Trust where the Superior Person is the named Beneficiary; and (2) the lawful conveyance from the True Trust into the Superior Trust of certain True Rights of Use known as Absolute Realty, being the highest temporal form of any kind of Property. A True Trust may be for a single man, or woman called a “Superior Person Trust”, or an aggregate trust such as a Global (Superior) Trust, Civil (Superior) Trust, Mercantile (Superior) Trust, Union (Superior) Trust, Clann Trust, Official Trust or Location Trust; and

(iii) A Temporary Trust is the third highest form of Living Trust involving the temporary conveyance of property from one Superior Trust to another. Excluding Negotiable Instruments, a Temporary Trust is not permitted to exist beyond seven years; and

(iv) An Inferior Trust, also known as an Inferior Roman Trust, or simply Roman Trust is the lowest form of Living Trust possessing the lowest possible form of rights of ownership. An Inferior Trust can never be considered superior to a Superior Trust or Divine Trust. An Inferior Trust is any Living Trust or Implied Trust or Express Trust formed by inferior Roman Law, claims and statutes.

In respect of the Authority and Power of the classes and types of Trusts:

(i) A Divine Trust ceases upon the will of the Divine Creator of all Existence in accord with the sacred Covenant Pactum de Singularis Caelum and no other. A Divine Trust cannot be salvaged, seized, captured, arrested, alienated, resigned, abjured, transferred, conveyed, donated, assigned or surrendered; and

(ii) A True Trust ceases upon the physical death of the body, or body politic that is associated with it. A True Trust is not dependent upon the good character or intentions or actions of the Trustee or Trustees. Furthermore, a True Trust cannot be salvaged, seized, captured, arrested, alienated, resigned, abjured, transferred, conveyed, donated, assigned or surrendered; and

(iii) A Superior Trust ceases upon its Dissolution, Satisfaction, Termination, Cessation or Annulment, with the res or property of the Trust being returned, or distributed or disposed accordingly upon the publication and patenting of an official Gazette notice within the Ucadia Gazette, as evidence to the fact; and

(iv) A Temporary Trust ceases upon its Dissolution, Satisfaction, Termination, Cessation or Annulment, with the res or property of the Trust being returned, or distributed or disposed accordingly upon proper notice, in accord with the sacred Covenant Pactum de Singularis Caelum or associated Covenants, Canons and Rules of Ucadia; and

(v) An Inferior Trust ceases upon its Dissolution, Satisfaction, Termination, Cessation or Annulment, with the res or property of the Trust being returned, or distributed or disposed accordingly upon either the publication and patenting of an official Gazette notice within the Ucadia Gazette, as evidence to the fact; or by such rules of Inferior Law, providing such rules do not contradict the sacred Covenant Pactum de Singularis Caelum or associated Covenants, Canons and Rules of Ucadia.

Examples of Inferior Trusts, also known as Roman Trusts include (but are not limited to):

(i) Accumulation Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust whereby the Trustees are directed to accumulate income and gains from sales of trust assets for ultimate disposition when the trust is terminated; and

(ii) Active Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust that imposes upon the trustee the duty of taking active measures in the execution of the trust, as, where property is conveyed to trustees with directions to sell and distribute the proceeds among creditors of the grantor; as distinguished from a "passive" or "dry" Trust. In a Passive Trust, the legal and equitable titles are merged in relation to the beneficiaries and beneficial use is converted into legal ownership; while in an Active Trust, the title remains with the Trustee for the purpose of the Trust; and

(iii) Alimony Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust Device used to secure the obligation of a husband to pay support or alimony for wife; or a Transfer by the husband to the Trustee of property with the wife as beneficiary to then be supported after divorce or separation; and

(iv) Annuity Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust whereby the Trustee is required to pay a sum certain annually to one or more individual beneficiaries for their respective lives or for a term of years, and thereafter either transfer the remainder to or for the use of a qualified charity or retain the remainder for such a use. The sum certain must not be less than 5% of the initial fair market value of the property transferred to the trust by the donor; and

(v) Bond Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust whereby the res (property of the trust) consists in bonds that yield interest income; and

(vi) Cestui Que Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust whereby a trust is established on one or more presumptions including (but not limited to) one or more persons presumed wards, infants, idiots, lost or abandoned at “sea” and therefore assumed/presumed “dead” after seven (7) years and thus, in the absence of a valid beneficiary, one or more other persons may claim the benefit of the Trust; and

(vii) Charitable Remainder Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust that consists of assets that are paid over to the trust after the expiration of a life estate or intermediate estates and designated for charitable purposes; and

(viii) Charitable Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust designed for the benefit of a class or the public generally. They are essentially different from private trusts in that the beneficiaries are uncertain. In general, such must be created for charitable, educational, religious or scientific purposes; and

(ix) Clifford Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust as a tax planning device, whereby a transfer of income-producing property is made to a trust whereby provides that the income is either to be paid or accumulated for the benefit of a beneficiary other than the grantor for a period of more than ten years and at that time the trust is to terminate and the property reverts back to the grantor; and

(x) Community Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust whereby an agency organized for the permanent administration of funds is placed in trust for public health, educational or charitable purposes; and

(xi) Complex Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust being any inferior trust other than a simple inferior trust; and one whereby the Trustees have discretion as to whether to distribute and discretion as to amounts distributed; and

(xii) Constructive Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust raised by construction of law, or arising by operation of law, as distinguished from an express trust. Wherever the circumstances of a transaction are such that the person who takes the legal estate in property cannot also enjoy the beneficial interest without necessarily violating some established principle of equity, the court will raise a constructive trust, and fasten it upon the conscience of the legal owner, so as to convert him into a Trustee for the parties who in equity are entitled to the beneficial enjoyment. Such trusts are also known as "trusts ex maleficio" or "ex delicto" or "involuntary trusts" and their forms and varieties are practically without limit, being raised by courts of equity whenever it becomes necessary to prevent a failure of justice; and

(xiii) Contingent Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust as an express trust depending for its operation upon a future event; and

(xiv) Directory Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust that is not completely and finally settled by the Trust Instrument creating it, but only defined in its general purpose and to be carried into detail according to later specific directions; and

(xv) Discretionary Trust is a trust whereby Trustees have discretion as to types of investment and also as to whether and when distributions may be made to beneficiaries; and

(xvi) Dry Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust that merely vests the legal title in the Trustee, and does not require the performance of any active duty on his part to carry out the trust; and

(xvii) Educational Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust for the founding, endowing and supporting of schools for the advancement of all useful branches of learning, that are not strictly private; and

(xviii) Equipment Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust as a financing method commonly used by railroads whereby the equipment's title is transferred to Trustees as security for the financing; and

(xix) Estate Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust of an estate, for all or part of the income to be accumulated during the surviving spouse's life and added to corpus (res), with the accumulated income and corpus being paid to the estate of the surviving spouse at death. This type of trust is commonly used to qualify property for the marital deduction; and

(xx) Executed Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust whereby the scheme has from the outset been completely declared. A trust whereby the estates and interest in the subject-matter of the trust are completely limited and defined by the instrument creating the trust, and require no further instruments to complete them; and

(xxi) Executory Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust that requires the execution of some further instrument, or the doing of some further act on the part of the creator of the trust or of the Trustee, toward its complete creation or full effect; and

(xxii) Express Active Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust that confers upon the executor certain authority to generally manage property of the estate and pay over net income to devisees or legatees. Such authority creates an "express active trust"; and

(xxiii) Express Private Passive Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust that exists where land is conveyed to or held by one person in trust for another, without any power being expressely or impliedly given to the Trustee to take actual possession of land or exercise acts of ownership over it, except by beneficiary's direction; and

(xxiv) Express Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust created or declared in express terms, and usually in writing, as distinguished from one inferred by the law from the conduct or dealings of the parties. A trust directly created for specific purposes in contrast to a constructive or resulting trust that arises by implication of law or the demands of equity. Such Trusts are created by the direct and positive acts of the parties, by some writing, or deed, or will, or by words expressly or impliedly evincing an intention to create a trust; and

(xxv) Fixed Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust being a form of non-discretionary trust whereby the Trustee may not exercise his own judgment; and

(xxvi) Foreign Trust or Foreign Situs Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust that owes its existence to foreign law. It is treated for tax purposes as a non-resident alien individual; and

(xxvii) Fraud Trust or simply Fraud is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust, also known as an Involuntary Trust and usually a Secret Trust, being an Implied Trust and Constructive Trust claimed under the control of a court of equity, as a surrogate court of chancery, formed on some claimed breach of trust, or some presumed gross maladministration or false, misleading or other criminal acts, causing a trust within the Roman system to cease. Fraud Trusts are usually created at the same time of creation of case numbers (and Bonds) and before any proof of default or delinquency on either the Beneficiary or Trustee of the claimed collapsed trust. The Roman Court then uses hearings, trials, confessions and unchallenged evidence to prove liability and therefore penalty and compensation; and

(xxviii) Grantor Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust whereby the grantor transfers or conveys property in trust for his own benefit alone or for himself and another; and

(xxix) Honorary Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust for specific non-charitable purposes where there is no definite ascertainable beneficiary and hence unenforceable in the absence of statute; and

(xxx) Illusory Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust being a trust arrangement that takes the form of a trust, but because of powers retained in the settlor, has no real substance and in reality is not a completed trust; and

(xxxi) Implied Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust being a trust raised or created by implication of law. An Implied Trust is a trust implied or presumed from circumstances. Constructive and resulting trusts are implied trusts because they arise by implication of law or by demands of equity; and

(xxxii) Indestructible Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust being a trust that it is claimed may not be terminated or revoked; and

(xxxiii) Insurance Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust being a trust whereby the res (property of trust) of the trust consists of insurance policies or their proceeds;and

(xxxiv) Inter Vivos Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust being a trust created by an instrument that becomes operative during the settlor's lifetime as contrasted with a testamentary trust that takes effect on the death of the settlor; and

(xxxv) Involuntary Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust, usually a Secret Trust, whereby a trust is raised by the doctrines of equity (Chancery Court/Division) within a competent forum holding equity powers, for the purpose of conducting a Roman Court Proceeding having commercial value (i.e. creation of Bonds), when there is no intention of the parties to create a trust relation. This class of trusts may usually be referred to as a Fraud Trust or simply "Fraud", either actual or implied, as an essential presumption of their creation. In other words, where a Roman Court presumes a party is guilty of a breach of Trust, or dereliction of duty or deliquency as actual or implied "Fraud" as the basis of forming an Involuntary Trust before any default is proven; and

(xxxvi) Irrevocable Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust. Such a Trust may not be revoked after its creation as in the case of a deposit of money by one in the name of another as Trustee for the benefit of a third person (beneficiary); and

(xxxvii) Limited Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust created for a limited period of time in contrast to a perpetual trust; and

(xxxviii) Liquidation Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust created for purpose of terminating a business or other undertaking and for distributing the res; and

(xxxix) Living Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust. An inter vivos trust created and operative during the lifetime of the settlor and commonly for benefit or support of another person; and

(xl) Mixed Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust. Trusts established to benefit both private individuals and charities; and

(xli) Naked Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust, also known as a dry or passive trust being one that requires no action on the part of the Trustee, beyond turning over money or property to the Cestui Que Trust; and

(xlii) Nominee Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust being an arrangement for holding title to real property whereby one or more persons or corporations, pursuant to a written declaration of trust, declare that they will hold any property that they acquire as Trustees for the benefit of one or more undisclosed beneficiaries; and

(xliii) Non-Discretionary Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust being a fixed trust whereby the Trustees may exercise no judgment or discretion at least as to distributions; and

(xliv) Passive Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust whereby the Trustee has no active duty to perform. "Passive trust," that an equity court may terminate before it ends by its terms, is one whereby the Trustee does not have responsibilities or discretionary duties to perform; and

(xlv) Perpetual Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust whereby a trust is to continue as long as the need for it continues as for the lifetime of a beneficiary or the term of a particular charity; and

(xlvi) Pour-Over Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust whereby a testator leaves the residue of his estate to a Trustee of a living trust via a provision in a will for purpose of that Pour-Over Trust; and

(xlvii) Power of Appointment Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust being a type of trust used to qualify property for the marital deduction. Property is left in trust for a surviving spouse. The Trustee is required to distribute income to the spouse for life and the spouse is given an unqualified power to appoint the property to herself or to her estate; and

(xlviii) Precatory Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust where words employed in a will or other instrument do not amount to a positive command or to a distinct testamentary disposition, but are terms of entreaty, request, recommendation, or expectation, they are termed "precatory words," and from such words the law will raise a trust, called a Precatory Trust; and

(xlix) Private Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust. One established or created for the benefit of a certain designated individual or individuals, or a known person or class of persons, clearly identified or capable of identification by the terms of the instrument creating the trust, as distinguished from trusts for public institutions or charitable uses. Public trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust. One constituted for the benefit either of the public at large or of some considerable portion of it answering a particular description; public trusts and charitable trusts may be considered in general as synonymous expressions; and

(l) Resulting Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust arising by implication of law, or by the operation and construction of equity, and is established as consonant to the presumed intention of the parties as gathered from the nature of the transaction. It arises where the legal estate in property is disposed of, conveyed, or transferred, but the intent appears or is inferred from the terms of the disposition, or from the accompanying facts and circumstances, that the beneficial interest is not to go or be enjoyed with the legal title.

(li) Revocable Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust whereby the Trustor reserves the right to revoke; and

(lii) Secret Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust where a Trustor gives property to a person, on a verbal or written promise by the legatee or devisee that he will hold it in trust for another but will not make the existence of the trust known to the beneficiary until some event or issue. Involuntary Trusts are frequently formed as part of Roman Court proceedings; and

(liii) Shifting Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust being an express trust that is so settled that it may operate in favor of beneficiaries additional to, or substituted for, those first named, upon specified contingencies; and

(liv) Short Term Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust being a trust that by its terms is to be administered for a short period of time and then terminated; and

(lv) Simple Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust whereby property is simply vested in one person for the use of another, and the nature of the trust, not being qualified by the settlor, is left to the construction of law. A simple trust is a trust that provides that all of its income is required to be distributed currently, even if it is not in fact distributed, does not provide that any amounts are to be paid, permanently set aside, or used for charitable purposes; and does not distribute any amount other than current income. Simple trusts are those that are not complex trusts. Such trusts may not have a charitable beneficiary, accumulate income, nor distribute corpus (res); and

(lvi) Special Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust whereby a Trustee is interposed for the execution of some purpose particularly pointed out, and is not, as in case of a simple trust, a mere passive depositary of the estate, but is required to exert himself actively in the execution of the settlor's intention; as where a conveyance is made to Trustees upon trust to reconvey, or to sell for the payment of debts; and

(lvii) Testamentary Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust being a trust created within a will and executed with the formalities required of a will in contrast to an inter vivos trust. A trust that does not take effect until the death of the Testator; and

(lviii) Totten Trust is a form of Inferior (Roman) Trust being a trust created by the deposit by one person of his own money in his own name as a Trustee for another and as a tentative trust revocable at will until the depositor dies or completes the gift in his lifetime by some unequivocal act or declaration such as delivery of the passbook or notice to the beneficiary and if the depositor dies before the beneficiary without revocation or some decisive act or declaration of disaffirmance the presumption arises that an absolute trust was created as to the balance on hand at the death of the depositor.

The Office of Trustee ceases:

(i) At the dissolution or satisfaction or termination or cessation or annulment of the Trust; or

(ii) Upon the Death of the Trustee; and

(iii) Abandonment, when a Trustee is away from the domicile of the Trust for more than two years without word or adequate response; and

(iv) Resignation, when a Trustee resigns from the of duties of such Office; and

(v) Refusal, when a Trustee refuses to act in the manner and characteristics required of such Office; and

(vi) Contestation, when the competency or legitimacy of a Trustee is challenged and upheld by a competent forum of Law.

A Superior Trust, Temporary Trust or Inferior Trust ceases upon its Dissolution, Satisfaction, Termination, Cessation or Annulment, with the res or property of the Trust being returned, or distributed or disposed accordingly:

(i) Satisfaction of Trust means a Trust has fulfilled all its obligations and is therefore finished and ceases upon the return, distribution or disposal of the property; and

(ii) Termination of Trust means a Trust that ceases due to a condition of its operation, usually documented within the Trust Instrument, requiring the Trust to end upon some fundamental breach or failure to perform; and

(iii) Dissolution of Trust means a Trust that dissolves according to the operation of law, usually upon some declaration that the Trust is unable to fulfil its obligations (as in bankruptcy) or some other obstruction or major defect as determined within a competent forum of law; and

(iv) Annulment of Trust means a Trust that ceases to be, upon the strike or removal of such record of its existence, or condemnation as unfit or contrary to the principles of Fiduciary Capacity and any property returned to the Trustor as if the Trust never existed; and

(v) Cessation of Trust means a Trust ceases to be in effect, due to some catastrophic event or act, such as a fundamental Breach of Trust that renders the continuation of such a Trust impossible and to the effect as if the Trust had been annulled.

A Trustor may cease, terminate, dissolve and annul a Trust in action against the Trustee(s), upon evidence of one or more Breaches of Trust:

(i) When a Trust is formed by the Trustor as Grantor, then by Renunciation of any such Grant, a Trustor may lawfully regain Repossession and Restitution; and

(ii) When a Trust is formed by the Trustor as Donor, then by Reclamation of such original Rights, a Trustor may lawfully regain Recovery and Restoration; and

(iii) When a Trust is formed by the Trustor as Assignor, then by Rescission of any sign (signature), or seal of execution, a Trustor may lawfully regain and Return and Reversion; and

(iv) When a Trust is formed by the Trustor as Delegator, then by Revocation of any instrument of appointment or powers, a Trustor may lawfully regain Remand and Revestiture.

A party becomes a Beneficiary upon Use, or Claim or Acceptance and therefore obligated to perform the duties associated with the Benefits in Trust. However, a party once becoming a Beneficiary may then cease, terminate or dissolve any interest or obligation by one of the following actions:

(i) If a Beneficiary by Acceptance, then upon acknowledgment of proof of purchase (i.e. Bill of Sale) or by deed signed by another party then proving the property or interest is no longer in their possession; or by surrender of the property or interest by deed; and

(ii) If a Beneficiary by Claim, then by deed of disclaim or withdrawal of any interest; and

(iii) If a Beneficiary By Use, when no formal acceptance or claim acknowledged, then by both surrender and disclaim as a cessation of any past, present and future Use.

A person proven to have acted in fraud or breach of their fiduciary duties as a Trustor or a Trustee automatically ceases to hold the Position from the time of the Fraud or breach. Any liability associated with a fraud or breach of duty of a former Trustor or Trustee is automatically personally assumed by the disgraced former Trustor or Trustee.

Any claim that an Inferior Roman Trust possesses superior standing and rights of ownership compared to a Superior Trust, or True Trust is an absurdity against Divine Law, Natural Law and Positive Law and therefore is null and void from the beginning, including any associated covenants, deeds and agreements concerning property rights and lesser trusts.