II.   Sovereign

Placitum is the official term invented and introduced by the Carolingians in the 8th Century for locations and processes of judicial review or arbitration of smaller property disputes, civil matters and non-capital crimes (i.e. crimes that did not carry a death sentence).

Under the Instatutum, (“Institutions”) of Sacré Loi (Sacred Law) first introduced by Charles Martel in 738 CE, all disputes between smaller estates known under Carolingian law as “peto sessionis” (petty sessions) were to be heard in “Placitum”, while all serious property disputes and crimes carrying the death penalty called “quatio sessionis” were to be heard in “Manorum” being at the Manor Hall of the Baron to whom the accused served.

In accordance with the Sacré Loi (Sacred Law) defined by the Carolingians in the 8th Century, a Placitum was presided over by one (1) to three (3) justices of the peto (petit sessionis) known as Iustitia Petit sworn under solemn oath to uphold and protect the law. The most senior of the Iustitia Peto (Petit) was known as a Praesideo, or if only one Iustitia Peto (Petit) was hearing the matter, he was known as the Praesideo. The term “praesideo” comes from Latin meaning “a guardian, defender, director or ruler of (sacred) law” and is the origin of the word “president”.

Since 742 CE, all valid Justices of the Petty Estates Iustitia Peto (Petit) Sessionis were appointed by the Sovereign on recommendation of most a senior Judge under a Lord of the Marches known as the Iusticiarius (Justiciar) by Signed and Sealed Public Notice called litterae patens (letters patent) which literally means “an open letter”.

A Justice of the Petty Sessions, also later known as a Justice of the Peace and a Iustitia Peto (Petit) is invalid and not permitted to hear matters or dispense judgments unless they are duly commissioned by means of litterae patens (letters patent) from the Sovereign.

The title Justice of the Peace is directly derived from the original title invented by the Carolingians known as Iustitia Peto (Petit Sessionis) and first appeared in 1361 through the promulgation of the Justices of the Peace Act 1361 by King Edward III of England (1327 – 1377).

In accordance with Sacré Loi (Sacred Law), the process of how a controversy was brought before a Placitum and then adjudicated as process (processio) remains the foundation of judicial procedure of western law, Catholic Law as origo, medio and fini being:

(i) Origo processio (the origin of process) meant that before a controversy would be agreed to be heard, the nature of the complaint was required to be documented (written) into a Memorandum of Petition, signed and witnessed by three (3) witnesses. If it was found to have merit, then the Iustitiae Petit (Justices of the Petty Sessions) consented under solemn oath to resolve the matter and a Sacred Writ (rit) would be issued to compel the other parties to attend; and

(ii) Medio processio (the process, later known simply a “mesne”) meant that the party who initiated the complaint would then speak their claim known then as the plainte. Once they had finished, the accused then was granted the right to speak to summarize their defense known as the plene, later known simply as the “plea”; and

(iii) Fini processio (end of the process) meant that only after the accused had expressed their plene were the justices permitted to decide whether sufficient evidence existed for a judgment or more thorough investigation was required, known as a tri el (trial) whereby at least three (3) pieces of evidence were needed to be presented to find the accused culpable; and

(iv) If a man or woman was found culpable, then they still had the opportunity to pray for clemency from the baron or bishop of the area, who could then choose to review the matter and decide if clemency was warranted.

To increase the speed of justice, by the end of the 9th Century, both the plainte and plene (defense) were formalized into certain summary styles of presenting opening and closing words and phrases indicating the nature of the plaint and the nature of any plenus (defense) with greater emphasis arising towards the “treil” (trial) as an adversarial contest of the alleged evidence associated with the plainte.

While the Carolingian empire collapsed by the end of the 9th Century, the model of justice dispensed through Placitum and Manorum (Manor Halls) continued to be used widely across Europe including places such as England, France, Saxony and Italy well into the 15th Century.

In the 13th Century under the privatization of law in England to the Venetian Judges and Notary Guild through the Charter of Westminster, the right of the defendant to present an equal amount of time for introducing their defense was reserved as a right known as licentia loquendi meaning “freedom of expression” and instead plenus was corrupted to the concept of “plea” whereby the accused was afforded a limited number of mechanical and formal answers from which to choose to summarize their defense.

In the 19th Century under the wholesale corruption of the legal system of the United Kingdom and associated nations, the right to plea according to a range of mechanical and formal system of phrases, incorporating specific elements of defense was reduced to simple one or two word statements, with several traditional pleas no longer permitted.

As the 13th Century privatized court system of Westminster created by the Venetians with the English and Roman Death Cult deliberately corrupted the original right for equal summary of defense through plenus into the unequal system whereby defense was no longer afforded equal right at the introduction of a controversy, such willful corruption and injury of the law therefore renders any and all subsequent court rulings, orders, sentences invalid, illegal, unlawful and null and void ab initio (from the beginning).

As the 19th Century legal profession chose to utterly destroy their own system by corrupting it entirely through the introduction of the absurd plea system of a few word summary of defense against an unequal amount of time afforded the prosecution, all subsequent court rulings, orders and sentences are: invalid, illegal, unlawful and null and void ab initio (from the beginning).