II.   Sovereign

A Writ, or “Original Writ” is a type of peremptory precept and ecclesiastical indulgence based on the 13th Century corruption of the 8th Century Sacre Rit (“Holy Writ”) model under Carolingian rule and introduced through English law whereby an authorized agency of the Monarch was granted powers to issue writs to other lesser agents on behalf of the Crown to perform or cease some act or attend some place and answer some claim or controversy.

The Origin of “Writs” corresponds to the invention of the outsourced system of private justice based around the forum of curia or “courts” first introduced through the now lost (or destroyed) Charter of Westminster in 1275 under King Edward I of England and Wales (1272 – 1307) to the Venetian - Pisan controlled Trading Guild of Judges and Notaries:

(i) Around 1244, King Henry III of England (1207 – 1272) received an official delegation of Venetian nobles and Franciscan Priests from the religious order invented by Venetian Doge Giovanni Bernadone Morosini (Moriconi) “the Frenchman” (1249 - 1253). The English had continued to grow in the favor of the Venetians after both John and then Henry III had provided contract militia to Venice under the command of the de Montfort Lord High Stewards in their commercial wars against the French, most notably the bloody genocide of Southern France otherwise known as the “Cathar Crusades”; and

(ii) While called “King”, the Plantagenet Dynasty were in fact “second fiddle” to the de Montfort Lord High Stewards of Gascony – the Basque militia warlords that had held control over England with Venetian approval since their invasion of 1066. Under King Henry III, the Plantagenet sought to “rebalance” the relation by removing the control of the Lord High Steward and becoming the supreme vassal of the land to the Vatican and its Venetian overlords.

(iii) As a consequence of the official Venetian and Franciscan visit of 1244, Henry III granted exclusive, absolute and perpetual ownership of Thorne Island (pronounced ‘thorny’) in the middle of Thames River to the Franciscans and therefore Venice. Work immediately commenced on the construction of the largest church ever conceived in England and in 1269 “West Minster Abbey” was consecrated under the last years of rule of King Henry III who died in 1272 and was the first monarch to be buried within its walls. The legend that the abbey was built by “Benedictines” from France and Germany – is a crude and absurd fraud; and

(iv) After almost twenty (20) years of bloody conflict between forces loyal to the de Montfort Lord High Stewards and the Plantagenet, Edward Ist left for Venice in 1269 following the consecration of the Abbey and remained there until the death of his father in 1272, obtaining finally the authority from Venice his family so needed to raise the monarch to pre-eminence and derogate the Lord High Stewards to the most senior “officer of the realm”; and

(v) In 1274, the Venetians through their vassal the Pope of the Vatican did something special - they created a special initiation rite (right) and coronation ceremony that officially made the English Monarch the supreme ruler of England and Wales above the Lord High Steward; and

(vi) A special coronation chair was commissioned, with a space in which to place the "Scone Stone" being the historic symbol representing the Holly Rights of the last of the Cuilliaéan Kings being Macbeth from 1058 and the death of the last Holly Kings of Scotland; and

(vii) A special crown was also formed and known as the "Crown of Thorne", also later as the mythical "Crown of Thorns" - in reference to the original name for the island of Thorne granted in perpetuity to the Venetian noble families as a separate state within a state and city within a city then known as Westminster; and

(viii) The Charter of Westminster of 1275 is an original charter now lost and replaced by the fraud known as the Statute of Westminster (1275) which originally granted to the most senior guild of all, known as the Arte de Guidici e Notai known as the Guild of Judges and Notaries the right to build the first “courts” known as Curia, issue writs and instruments on behalf of the monarch and to dispense “justice” as a private enterprise; and

(ix) King Edward I in 1275 then divided old London up into twelve (12) “boroughs” with each area then granted as exclusive, perpetual property to one (1) of the twelve (12) Maggiori and Mediane Guilds. Thus London was effectively “sold” to private families of Venice controlling private guilds for commerce and has remained in private control ever since. The stories that somehow William the Basque militia leader that conquered England in 1066 for the Venetians somehow excluded London and created it as a peculiar is nothing more than a poor side show designed to hide the “privatization” of old London from 1275 onwards; and

(x) In 1276, the borough of Westminster was made a “city” within a “city” as the City of Westminster and a Hall was immediately commissioned, finished in 1295. Two (2) public curia, or “courts” were created under the charter and franchise being Curia Regis and Curia Cancellariae. A third court was added at the start of the 14th Century known as Curis Regis ad Scaccarium; and

(xi) Curia Regis, also known as the Court of the King, or King’s Bench (curia regis de banco). This is the entity granted the "right" to issue writs under the crown; and

(xii) Curia Cancellariae, also known as the Court of the Chancery, or Chancellor as the most senior scribes and clerks for writing, transcribing and publication of official instruments, especially writs for the Curia Regis.

(xiii) Curia Regis ad Scaccarium, literally translated as “Court of the King’s Chessboard”, also known as the Court of the Exchequer as the treasury office for handling the financial affairs of all the guilds (livery), the King and the realm.

All valid Writs issued under the Roman and English franchise system of law retained the original 8th Century purpose of being sacred documents and therefore an ecclesiastical indulgence. By its very name and nature from its origin, a writ is an absolute and precise instrument that must conform to the strictest standards to be considered valid. As an indulgence (from the Latin word indulgeo meaning “to be kind to; to concede; to cede to”) a writ must conform to the Canons of the Roman Death Cult that first formed the concept of indulgences as a means of salvaging (and monetizing) sin through the ritual (sacrament) of penance. Therefore, the creation of a valid writ has always needed to demonstrate not only original authority from the monarch, but the presence of a petition or confession, prayer for relief and then the writ itself as the personification of the sacred remittance.

Under the Charter of Westminster of 1275 and the foundation of private law administration through the Arte de Guidici e Notai also known as the Guild of Judges and Notaries and later the Bar Associations, it has remained a fundamental requirement that all valid legal matters of controversy before a properly constituted court begin with an original writ.  Therefore, it has remained an ancient maxim since the 13th Century being “no writ, no right” whereby a proceeding without a valid writ has no basis in Roman or English (Western) law.  In American law, the original writ is known as an original bill or “true bill”.

A writ may be originally issued by a competent authority duly granted such a right under appointment by letters patent and administered according to one (1) or more statutes. Such writs permitted to be issued by a competent authority in accordance to one (1) or more statute are traditionally called Prerogative Writs in honor of such instruments being granted according to “Royal Prerogative” of the Sovereign. The high honor to originate writs defined by statute has traditionally been vested in the highest court of England and Great Britain known by tradition as the Curia Regis or “court of the King” or simply the “King’s Bench”. In all, there have been several dozen “prerogative writs” created over the centuries. However, the most famous of these are:

(i) Original Writ, also known as Writ of Summons issued by a court under sign and seal, requiring a respondent to attend court at a time and place to answer some matter of controversy; and

(ii) Writ of Arrest, also known as capias ad respondendum (from Latin word capio meaning "to take, to seize or hold") issued by a court under sign and seal, following first the previous issue of an Original Writ and subsequent refusal by the respondent to attend.

(iii) Writ of Error (from Latin meaning “mistake, uncertainty, deception”) issued as remedy against the misuse, corruption or failure of officials or agents to follow the body of laws of the realm; and

(iv) Writ of Mandamus (from Latin meaning “we commands (you to perform”) issued against the misuse, corruption or failure of official agents to follow the body of laws of the realm; and

(v) Writ of Certiorari (from Latin meaning “show (me), prove (to me by what reasoning the ruling was) ascertained?” issued as remedy against the misuse, corruption or failure of officials or agents to follow the body of laws of the realm; and

(vi) Writ of Habeas Corpus (from Latin meaning “by what claim do you have (keep) the body?” as remedy against unlawful detainment; and

(vii) Writ of Prohibitio (from Latin term meaning “we command (you) to stop”) as remedy against an ongoing unlawful action; and

(viii) Writ of Procedendo (from Latin “we command (you) to proceed”) as remedy against unlawful delay; and

(ix) Writ of Quo Warranto (from Latin phrase meaning “by what warrant (do you claim authority)?” as remedy against unlawful claims of authority; and

(x) Writ of Scire Facias (from Latin phrase meaning “let the facts (by which a record is claimed true) be known to all”) as remedy against unlawful claims of property.

The form of mandatory words contained within an Prerogative Writ are defined by statute since the 13th Century as only a Sovereign may alter and create forms of valid words for writs.

In the 18th Century, color was introduced into the production of Original Writs:

(i) White (Red Seal, Red Signature) is the original writ registered with the chancery and never distributed; and

(ii) Yellow Copy (Red Seal, Red Signature) as the remittance of the petitioner; and

(iii) Blue Copy (Black Seal, Black Signature) as the copy to the agent; and

(iv) Pink Copy (Black Seal, Black Signature) as the copy to the respondent.

The Curia Regis (Kings Bench) have possessed since the 13th Century the right under English law to appoint one (1) or more agents under validly signed and sealed warrants. However, such persons have no right legally or lawfully to issue writs unless they themselves are also appointed under Letters Patent from the Sovereign. If such persons are not appointed to their position under direct authority of the Monarch, then any writs they issue are ipso facto (as a fact of law) null and void.

Corporations and their agents cannot create valid writs. Nor may a nation issue such writs unless the Executive claims absolute sovereign authority in the capacity of General Executor and “elected monarch”.

Laws that have been passed that attempt to permit the issuing of writs by corporations or agents without proper authorization of the Monarch are an abomination and contrary to the very source of authority of Original Writs since their invention. Such documents therefore issued have no more legal or lawful effect than an offer or notice. The enforcement therefore of such instruments as if they are writs is without question illegal and unlawful – contrary to very foundations of Western and Roman Law.