II.   Sovereign

A Monarchy is term reborn in the 17th Century and used to define both the government and the political estate ruled by a hereditary head of state (monarch).

The word Monarchy comes from ancient Greek μοναρχία (monarchia) meaning the “sole hereditary rule” from 'μόνος (monos) “only” and ἀρχός (archos) “leader”.

The equivalent ancient Latin (Roman) term for a monarchy is regnum defining the authority and region or regis defining the boundary of the political estate.

There are primarily four (4) forms of monarchy, Absolute, Parliamentary, Constitutional and Administrative:

(i) Absolute Monarchy is where the Monarch is legally the ultimate authority; and

(ii) Parliamentary Monarchy is where the Monarch must share power with a body of leaders of society and elected representatives of the people; and

(iii) Constitutional Monarchy is when the Estate of the Monarch is forced into bankruptcy and the estate must be administered accordingly whether or not there exists a Body Politic; and

(iv) Administrative Monarchy is when the administrators of the Constitutional bankruptcy use the Monarch to enforce the administrative policies of the executor(s) and trustee(s) of the bankruptcy.

The first Parliamentary Monarchy was from 1707 onwards through the passing of the Act of Union (5&6Ann. c.8 in 1706) dissolving Scottish parliament and creating a “united” parliament of England and Scotland and the reformed Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and Indies with the Crown Estate the sole remaining shareholder trading as the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland:

(i) In 1688, the “Immortal Seven” (Earl of Danby, Earl of Shrewsbury, Earl of Devonshire, Viscount Lumley, Henry Compton, Edward Russell and Henry Sydney) indict the whole of Parliament as traitors by writing to William III, Prince of Orange and inviting him to invade England and defeat King James II (1685-1688). By December 1688, William and an army of fifteen thousand (15,000) mercenaries is in control of London and government; and

(ii) In 1689, the Parliament convened itself, thereby usurping ancient legal tradition and ending four hundred (400) years of English law to promulgate the Bill of Rights of 1689 and the right of Parliament as Sovereign to nominate William III to become the “legitimate” king (1689-1702); and

(iii) In 1695, King William III (1689-1702) as King of Scotland issued an extraordinary act known as the Company of Scotland Act (1695) (c.8) whereby a company was set up effectively privatizing all plantations, trade and militia to colonies to the Americas, Africa and Asia with William as its largest secret shareholder. While the company had extraordinary powers, the management of the company was a complete failure, causing massive economic crisis amongst investors in Scotland; and

(iv) Upon the death of William III without legitimate heir, the illegitimate Parliament of traitors faced a growing crisis of financial and political support. In an “about face” from the Act of Settlement (1701), Anne Stuart is chosen by Parliament as the new Monarch as Queen Anne (1702-1707) on the promise she would reign as a Protestant, not Catholic; and

(v) In 1702, Queen Anne found a kingdom bankrupt, herself facing war with her former family ally Louis XIV (1643-1715) of France on the subject of the succession of Spain and a threat of annihilation of the English plantations in America while private English and Scottish venture companies were failing. A plan was hatched to create a new “business focused” international structure through the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain by the “buy-out” the private investors of the Company of Scotland and conveying complete control to the Crown Estate; and

(vi) In 1707, the Acts of Union were passed by the Scottish Parliament and the English Parliament to form the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with Article XV referencing the buy-out of the debts of the Company of Scotland and the dissolution of the company providing all shareholders (which also presumed the Crown) were paid out, otherwise the company could continue to trade minus the smaller private shareholders. The Equivalent Act (1706) c.15 of Scotland and the Equivalent Act (1707) (6 Anne c.24) reinforced the conveyance and payments; and

(vii) In the same year (1707), the Exchequer Court (Scotland) Act (1707) 6 Anne c. 26 was passed creating a Royal Exchequer for Scotland with more detailed powers and financial abilities to issue bills and raise money than the Exchequer Court of England. Article II of the Act stating the Seal of the Lord High Treasurer of Great Britain, for example, being kept by the Exchequer of Scotland; and

(viii) In 1707, Queen Anne issued the United Company of Merchants Act 1707 (6 Anne. c. 17) to created a single fund fund between the East India Company (Governor and Company of Merchants) and the English Company (Trading to East Indies). The English Company then became the United Company of England in anticipation of the East India Company surrendering its Charter. However, the East India Company did not end up dissolving and continued to trade effectively until the 19th Century with both companies remaining in operation, but bound to the same Acts; and

(ix) In 1707, Queen Anne issued the America Trade Act (1707) 6 Anne c. 37 instituting for the first time Admiralty Law upon the land, uniting the former English plantations under a single flag as effectively the United States of New England with its capital as Philadelphia and granting the colonies and former plantations wide and sweeping powers of piracy and plunder. The colonies devolve and fragment back to warring with one another following the peace treaties of 1712 and the rising influence of the British East India Company; and

(x) While the Exchequer Court of England was responsible for issuing over  one hundred fifty(150) million pounds in Exchequer Bills from the time of the reign of George I (1714-1727) to King George III (1760 – 1820), there is no direct record of the Exchequer Court of Scotland issuing Exchequer Bills after the death of Queen Anne, excepting the maintenance of official appointments and salaries; and

(xi) In July 1806, the Parliament of King George III (1760 – 1820) issued an Act (46 Geo III. c.154) whereby the buildings and treasury previous used by the Court of Exchequer of Scotland was taken down and a new building erected, but with the court being relocated to the former American colonies in the process.

The first Constitutional Monarchy was through the Treaty of Paris of 1783 between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Great Britain, at which the bankrupt United States were forced to cede full sovereign independence for limited recognition and resumption of trading:

(i) The Treaty was signed by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and John Jay representing the United States and David Hartley representing the Sovereign Parliament, subsequently ratified at Annapolis, Maryland by Congress on January 14th, 1784; and

(ii) Article four (4) recognized the obligation for all debts on both sides to pay, which resumed trade but which obligated the United States to continued war reparations that continued to cripple the economy until it stopped in 1812; and

(iii) Article five (5) effectively ceded all the land and estates of the United States back to the Crown of England; and

(iv) Article six (6) bound the United States to protect the interests of the Crown of England against any future confiscations; and

(v) Article two (2) ceded the authority and sovereign right of the United States to define its own boundaries to the Crown of England; and

(vi) Article nine (9) bound the United States to cede and return without compensation all territories captured yet not defined by the Crown of England to be part of the United States. This greatly favored England with its trading battles with France, Spain and the Netherlands with no benefit to the United States; and

(vii) Article three (3) and Article eight (8) ceded the authority of  the United States to define its trading and fishing rights to the authority of the Crown of England; and

(viii) The British Parliament as Crown recognized the United States to be sovereign and free to elect their own government and protect their own territorial rights subject to all other limitations.

The first Administrative Monarchy was from 1816 onwards through the creation of the Exchequer of the Consolidated Fund of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, also known as the Crown Consolidated Fund, also known as the Crown under the effective control of the Bank of England through the Consolidated Fund Act 1816 (56 G. III c.98):

(i) By 1800, the cost of War by Great Britain against the Spanish and French as well as rising government administration costs had exploded the annual budget deficit of the Exchequer of England and the national debt of over fifty (50) million pounds, much of it owed to the Bank of England; and

(ii) A plan hatched by the English Parliament in part to pay for war debt by concocting a more firm “union” with Ireland in the formation of the Acts of Union 1800 and the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, unwinding much of the independence and financial gains made by the Irish since the Irish Constitution of 1782. Almost immediately, valuable capital began being stripped out of Ireland, including land sales, the sale of hundreds of thousands of poor Irish as “debt slaves” to American plantation owners and eventually to the total collapse of the Irish economy by 1840; and

(iii) A further plan hatched by the English Parliament to try and pay for war debt was to activate the Court of Exchequer of Scotland to produce Exchequer Bills through America Colonies then known as the United States of America, with the land still under English control and the United States still paying massive annual war debts per year since the Treaty of 1783; and

(iv) In 1814, the continued delay in payments to the military and admiralty by the Exchequer of England provided the Rothschilds and the Bank of England a unique opportunity to pit the military against the political class by paying the wages of the military and arranging an expedition under Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane of elite Marines to secretly attack the city of Rome still under construction and retrieve key chancery and financial documents of Great Britain. The plan failed and many key documents were destroyed during fires of the White House, the Treasury and the Capitol Building; and

(v) After the raid against Rome in 1814, the name of the city was changed to Washington by 1816 and the Second Bank of the United States was permitted to be formed with the Rothschilds and Bank of England firmly controlling its fortunes in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Court of the King’s Bench of (Scotland) Great Britain was also conveyed across within sixty (60) years to Philadelphia along with the Court of Chancery of (Scotland) Great Britain eventually relocated to New Castle, Delaware; and

(vi) In 1816, the Bank of England succeeded through the Advance by Bank of England Act (1816) (56 G. III c.7) of ensuring that all borrowings from the crown from 1808 to 1818 were to be repaid out of the “yet to be created” Consolidated Fund for the first time in history; and

(vii) The Bank of England (Advance) Act 1816 (56 G. III c.96) introduced further historic measures whereby the Bank of England was authorized to pay the Public Service directly, rather than the Exchequer and that the bank’s own private notes were to be accepted for the first time as public money; and

(viii) The Consolidated Fund Act 1816 (56 G. III c.98) introduced the final key controls of the bank with the uniting and consolidation into one (1) fund all the purchase revenues of Great Britain and Ireland with the bank having the right to appoint commissioners to the Exchequer for the Consolidated Fund. The bank was then granted the right through its commissioners to extract interest and expenses from the Consolidated Fund directly with the effective “privatization of the exchequer. From this point onwards, all politicians and public servants and people became “employees” of the bank (56 G.III c.97).