II.   Sovereign

Acts is a term used to describe Statutes that are formally ordained and approved by a Juridic Person and a Superior Authority through a process known as a “Legislative Act”. An Act is either the form of an Ordinance, a Regulation or a Policy dependent upon the limits of individual authority of the members of the legislative assembly and the assembly itself.

Acts are either Public or Private:

(i) Public Acts, also called “general acts” or general statutes or statues at large are those which relate to the community generally or establish a universal rule for the governance of the whole body politic; and

(ii) Private Acts, also known as “special acts” relate either to a particular person (personal acts) or particular places (local acts) or which operate only upon specific individuals or their private concerns.

The invention of Acts of Parliament correspond to the reforms and innovations introduced for the first time in 1547 with the creation of a permanent location for the “House of Commons” in St. Stephens Chapel at the Palace of Westminster, along with the House of Lords within the Queens Chamber and the Kings Council within the Star Chamber:

(i) Contrary to false and misleading history, the invention of the word Parliament and the first constituted Parliaments were called “Parlomentum” under the Carolingian leaders beginning with Charles Martel (737-741 CE) in 738 CE; and

(ii) By tradition, the first official Parliaments met each year on the “Ides” or middle of March being March 14th/15th. However, in 741 CE at the beginning of the reign of Charles the Younger (741-768) Parlomentum (Parliament) was officially moved to the first of May upon the creation of the first bicameral legislative system which ceased to function by the end of the 9th Century; and

(iii) In 1215, a historic alliance was formed between the House of Hohenstaufen of Swabia (southern Germany and traditionally the Alamannia Magyar-Khazar tribes) and the Pisan-Venetian Empire with Frederick II Hohenstaufen “officially” recognizing the legitimacy of the claim of the Imposter Roman Death Cult Popes over the original Catholic Popes of the Frankish-Saxon kingdoms. At Aachen (Germany), Roman Pontiff Innocens II (III) (1198-1216) (Lotario Savelli di Conti) crowned Frederick II Hohenstaufen Emperor, immediately calling on all Catholic nobles of the Empire to pledge fealty for the first time in history to the Roman Death Cult; and

(iv) In 1215, in response to Emperor Frederick II Hohenstaufen, Duke John Plantagenet of Anglia went further and ceded his Duchy as part of the Papal Lands including an extraordinary pledge claimed for all Catholic kingdoms of the Island of Britain to the fealty of Roman Pontiff Innocens II (III) in exchange for the Roman Death Cult and the Emperor recognizing his rightful claim. On word reaching Bishop-King Thomas (Becket) of Kent, the Bishop-King rescinded the title of Duke John, solemnly excommunicating him, his Barons and all their descendents that follow. Soon after, Duke John had Bishop-King Thomas (Becket) of Kent ambushed and murdered whilst conducting Vespers at Canterbury Abbey; and

(v) By the beginning of 1216, upon word of the actions of deposed Duke John Plantagenet of Anglia reaching France and Scotland, a massive invasion force was hastily launched under Crown Prince Louis (later Louis VIII) of France and King Alaxandair mac Uilliam of Scotland. The combined forces quickly overpowered the Anglicans and Duke John was eventually captured and executed at Nottingham. The forces of Alaxandair mac Uilliam of Scotland returned home, but the French forces remained until the Anglican barons signed a solemn oath and declaration known as the Magna Carta pledging absolute fealty to the true Catholic Church and the crown of France. To ensure the Anglicans did not repudiate their oaths, a French force under Williame le Mareschal (the Marshal) remained in the Duchy both as “guard” of the young Henry Plantagenet. After the death of Williame, Peter de Roches was appointed by the French as Marshal until 1227 when Henry III was permitted to administer his Duchy without a guardian on pledge to King Louis IV of France (1226-1270) fighting against the advances of Duke Simon V De Montfort of Gascony (1218-1265) into France; and

(vi) The claim that the 1216 Magna Carta was signed by Duke John of Anglia as somehow the “King of England, Wales and Ireland” with Scotland in agreement is a an absurd and untenable fraud designed to hide the facts that (1) John was only a Duke of part of the Island of Britain called Anglia; and (2) Under the terms between the House of Plantagenet and the House of De Montfort of Gascony since 1154, John was the vassal of Gascony; and (3) Duke John never controlled Wales, nor Ireland, nor Scotland nor event Kent during his reign as Duke; and (4) The true Magna Carta was signed after Duke John was executed, not before; and (5) the true Magna Carta was between the surviving Barons of the Duchy of Anglia to pledge fealty to the Crown of France; and (6) Anglia by the solemn sacred pledge of the Barons of Anglia became a Duchy of France from 1216; and

(vii) By 1227, following King Louis IV of France (1226-1270) securing a solemn pledge by Henry III to fight with the French against Duke Simon V De Montfort of Gascony, Duke Henry failed to secure the support of his barons. Instead, Baron Gilbert de Clare led a rebel force against the forces of Henry III and the French in England. Neither side were able to gain a decisive victory and it was not until 1235 that Henry forced Gilbert de Clare and the rebel barons to flee to France and the protection of the Duke of Gascony. It was another four years before the English King was able to send a sizeable force to the aid of King Louis IV of France. Finally, in 1242 the English and French met the forces of the Duke of Gascony at the Battle of Taillebourg at which Duke Simon V De Montfort was decisively defeated and forced to retreat France. As reward, King Louis IV of France made Duke Henry III of Anglia also Duke of Aquitaine over the captured lands of the Duke of Gascony; and

(viii) Around 1244, Duke Henry III of Anglia secretly received an official delegation of Venetian nobles and Franciscan Priests from the religious order invented by Venetian Doge Giovanni Bernadone Morosini (Moriconi) “the Frenchman” (1249-1253). Henry III granted exclusive, absolute and perpetual ownership of Thorne Island (pronounced ‘thorny’) in the middle of Thames River to the Franciscans and therefore Venice. Work immediately commenced on the construction of the largest church ever conceived in England and in 1269 “West Minster Abbey” was consecrated. The legend that the abbey was built by “Benedictines” from France and Germany – is a crude and absurd fraud; and

(ix) In 1258, Gilbert de Clare and an invasion force landed in northern Britain and travelled south to Oxford, where he declared the Duchy of Anglia abolished and the existence of a new Duchy called Land Castre (Lancaster) meaning literally “purged, pruned or cleaned land” to be ruled by a Great Council of Barons as defined by the “Provisions of Oxford”. Crown Prince Edward engaged the rebel Barons in central England, while a second invasion force headed by Duke Simon V De Montfort landed by 1263 in the south and proceeded to capture south-east Britain, forcing Henry III Plantagenet into Battle in Sussex at the Battle of Lewes by 1264, at which Henry was captured and executed by Duke Simon V De Montfort. Prince Edward was captured soon after by the forces of Gilbert de Clare; and

(x) In 1264, upon conquering and expanding the former lands of the Duchy of Anglia, Duke Simon V De Montfort refused to accept the Provisions of Oxford and instead demanded Prince Edward be handed to him. Gilbert de Clare and the rebel barons instead refused and pledged their loyalty to Edward as a king if he solemnly swear to uphold the principles of the provisions. Aided with reinforcements from France, Duke Simon V De Montfort was killed at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. However, Edward did not immediately declare himself a King, instead he undertook a famous and elaborate ceremony in declaring to undertake a Crusade to the Holy Land. However, Edward found reason to divert to both Venice and then to Rome where he met Doxi (Doge) Lorenzo Tiepolo (1268-1275) and Roman Pontiff Gregory IV (X) (1268-1274) (Tedaldo Visconti of Pisa); and

(xi) In 1272, Edward returned to Britain aided by a miltia force funded by Venice of at least 30,000. Edward reached a truce with the Danish Kingdom of Kent (C*nt) granting them unique status of self rule while still being under the Kingdom of England. By 1274, Edward was crowned the first King of England. Mercia was finally subjugated by a militia force and Llywelyn ap Gruffydd was assassinated by 1277 under treachery of the Anglicans. Then in 1297, the first “genuine” Magna Carta of English nobles was signed by Edward I in recognition of his solemn promise when captive in 1264. Thus, the first statute of England is 1297, with all previous laws and statutes a deliberate fraud; and

(xii) The word Parlomentum was briefly revived for a few months by Lord de Montfort of Gascony in 1265 during his bitter struggle with the Plantagenet Dynasty for approval of the Venetian-Magyar and control of England. However, the term did not return to permanent use until the reign of Edward III of England in 1341 when he abolished the old Royal Council and replaced it with a Parliament of two (2) Chambers an Upper Chamber and Lower Chamber, thus separating the clergy and nobles into the higher and knights and burgesses into the lower. The presiding officer of the Lower Chamber was the Prolocutor; and

(xiii) The claimed “acts” of monarchs since Edward I to Henry VIII are without question, blatant and clumsy frauds, frequently containing concepts and terms not invented in law until the late 16th and 17th Century. Conventiently, two “fires” destroyed alleged original acts in 1666 and again in the early 18th Century enabling the claim that such “acts” were recovered. In all likelihood, the laws of monarchs from the time of Edward until the 16th Century were most likely to be dictates with little consent; and

(xiv) The first time in history that the Lower Chamber was called the “House of Commons” was in 1547 when King Henry VIII granted St Stephens Chapel at the Palace of Westminster as a permanent seat for English Parliament along with renaming the Upper Chamber the House of Lords sitting in the Queen's Chamber and the King's Council sitting in the Star Chamber. Henry VIII also instituted the reform by formalizing the role of Speaker to replace the semi-official role of Prolocutor as head of the Lower House. Thus, the creation of the House of Commons, as well as the House of Lords also corresponds with the creation of the Common Law system; and

(xv) It is under Henry VIII that for the first time the formal procedures for the debate, voting and assent of Acts involving three (3) readings and three (3) opportunities for objection were introduced; and

(xvi) After the Inns of Court having formed the Court of Equity in 1604 and then the Court of Chancery in 1673 gained control and influence through the Coup D’état in 1688, the introduction of Acts were changed to being called Bills, in light of the proprietary claims of the Chancery over such form. The claim that the word “Bill” was introduced into parliamentary procedure by monarchs earlier than William of Orange are deliberate falsities; and

(xvii) In the year 1707 and immediately following an Act of Parliament which reconstituted the Privy Council as the Privy Council of the united kingdom of Great Britain, an Act was passed by Parliament (6 Ann. c.7) and consented by Queen Anne whereby for the first time in history, the life and existence of Parliament was separated from the Monarch to be independent, not to be dissolved on the death of the Monarch and therefore to technically exist in perpetuity as a corporation. Thus, all Acts of Parliament from 1707 onwards have been the policies of the corporation of Great Britain and not for the estates of england, wales, scotland or ireland; and

(xviii) In the year 1801, following the 1800 Act of Union of Great Britain and Ireland (39 & 40 Geo. III. C. 67) creating the trading corporation known as the United Kingdom, Parliament granted the Bank of England (41 Geo. III. C.3. § XXV) the right to operate and administer the corporation of the same name (United Kingdom) until twenty eight million (28 000 000) pounds of annuities (plus interest) were paid back. Thus, all Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom since 1801 onward have been the internal Policies for employees of the Bank of England and not for the corporation of Great Britain. No valid Ordinance or Regulation has been passed since 1801; and

(xix) The Bank of England (Advance) Act 1816 (56 G. III c.96) introduced further historic measures whereby the Bank of England was authorized by Policy Acts to pay the Public Service directly, rather than the Exchequer and that the bank’s own private notes were to be accepted for the first time as public money; and

(xx) The Consolidated Fund Act 1816 (56 G. III c.98) introduced the final key controls of the bank with the uniting and consolidation into one (1) fund all the purchase revenues of Great Britain and Ireland with the bank having the right to appoint commissioners to the Exchequer for the Consolidated Fund. The bank was then granted the right through its commissioners to extract interest and expenses from the Consolidated Fund directly with the effective “privatization of the exchequer. From this point onwards, all politicians and public servants and people became “employees” of the bank.

Since the formation of Acts of Parliament in the 16th Century under Henry VIII, including prior decrees as Capitulum (cap. for short), there exists a fundamental set of rules, customs and principles concerning Statues:

(i) An Act or Statute can only apply to the limits of jurisdiction of the Juridic Person that issued it. Therefore a legislative body of a corporation cannot legally or lawfully abrogate the laws of the higher estate that first created its franchise; and

(ii) An Act and Statute must reflect the proper form and procedures prescribed by law and custom relating to the Parliamentary process of enacting law; and

(iii) An Act as a sacred Ordinance cannot be abrogated by a Regulatory Act, nor can a Policy Act abrogate or repeal a Regulatory Act or sacred Ordinance; and

(iv) A valid Act of Law exists in form as a precise, brief and clear expression of the intention of Parliament in reflecting the needs and mandate of the people. Therefore, the more complex and long worded an act, or the less clear its intention, the greater chance part or all of it may be repealed by judicial review if challenged; and

(v) A proposed new Act and Statute must concern itself with one (1) main cause whereby its clauses and divisions reflect a consistent intention; and

(vi) Acts and Statutes that possess penalties and punishments must be construed strictly; and

(vii) One (1) part of a new Act and Statute must be able to be so construed by another part of an existing Act, that the new Act may be considered a seamless addition to the wholly body of law; and

(viii) A part or whole new Act and Statute that is totally repugnant to the existing body of law is automatically void, even if approved and assented; and

(ix) Where the existing body of law and a new Act or Statute differ, the existing body of law has precedence, unless the new Act presents a considered, superior and reasoned argument to the contrary; and

(x) If an Act and Statute that repeals another, is itself repealed afterwards, the first Act and Stature is hereby revived without any formal words for that purpose; and

(xi) Acts derogatory from the power of subsequent parliaments cannot be binding; and

(xii) Acts and Statutes that seek to grant or exclude certain rights, property or uses in perpetuity, without consideration for expiry are null and void from the beginning; and

(xiii) Acts that are impossible to be performed are of no validity.

As the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland formed in 1801 is a corporate franchise created by the authority of the Parliament of the united kingdom of Great Britain and the (now dissolved) Parliament of Ireland, it possesses less authority and jurisdiction than the body that created it as in fact an Agency, having only the authority to promulgate Policy Acts and Statutes:

(i) As the Parliament of Westminster abrogated itself from 1801 into becoming an Agency of the Bank of England, with its members being nothing more than Agents, possessing no fiduciary, or ecclesiastical legislative authority, no Act or Statute issued from Westminster since 1801 has ever had the legitimate authority to repeal any Act or Statute promulgated prior to 1801 except those Acts clearly being Policy in authority; and

(ii) Any Act or Statute passed by the Agency Parliament of Westminster since 1801 as effectively an agency of the Bank of England have no legal or lawful effect over the citizens of Great Britain and only apply to employees of the Bank of England; and

(iii) Any Act or Statute passed by the Agency Parliament of Westminster since 1801 that has sought to assert the amendment, repeal or abrogation of any Act or Statute of Ordinance is an absurdity of law and null and void from the beginning, having no force or effect.

Any Juridic forum that upholds a law passed by the corporate Parliament of the United Kingdom since 1801 to the prejudice of a law previously passed by the Parliament of the united kingdom of Great Britain is guilty of gross incompetence and defiance of the fundamental rule of law with any such judgment, ruling or opinion without legal or lawful effect and null and void from the beginning.