II.   Sovereign

A Corporation, also referred to as a “company” is a 16th Century ecclesiastical and legal term meaning a corporate body possessing an instrument of incorporation and rules of authority and having legal personality according to one (1) or more statutes of a state or estate. A Corporation is one (1) of three (3) types of companies, the other two (2) being a Society and a form of Statutory Trust.

All Corporations owe their existence and legitimacy to the 16th Century dogmata of Venetian - Roman Law, in particular to Peccatum Originale (original sin), mundi (underworld), spiritus sancti (holy ghost), mortmanus (dead ghost), corpus (dead body), persona (death mask), salvatio (salvage) and sacramentum septem (seven sacraments):

(i) Peccatum Originale (original sin) states that men and women have been disenfranchised of their inherent rights and property due to the transgressions of their ancestors. Therefore, the only entities that can claim ownership are Corporations that are already dead; and

(ii) The doctrine of Mundi pretends that the world is effectively the underworld and is in a state of death, thus permitting Corporations that are already dead the opportunity to logically function; and

(iii) Spiritus sancti (holy ghost of Mari / Mary) states that it is only the “Holy Ghost” that may breathe “life” back into dead bodies. Therefore, all companies and Corporations only exist according to spiritus sancti and are legal subsidiaries of the first formed Corporations and companies of the 16th Century; and

(iv) Mortmanus (dead ghost) states that the expression of intention and mind of the founders of the Corporation are the collective “dead ghost” as surety to the dead body being the corpus; and

(v) Corpus (dead body) states that the Corporation is based around a dead body which can conceivably “live forever” as it is already dead in the world of mundi; and

(vi) Persona (death mask) states that the Corporation and the dead ghost (mortmanus) may be represented by a persona, a form of “death mask” and therefore agent to the actual dead body (corpus); and

(vii) Salvatio (salvage) states that the purpose and goal of the dead ghost is to perform sufficient salvage of sins and transgressions in order to have sufficient and acceptable offering to the attendants of the dead and the ferryman, also known as the pontiff; and

(viii) Sacramentum Septem (seven (7) sacraments) states that salvage is accomplished through the use of the seven (7) sacraments of the Roman Death Cult in the salvaging of sins and “monetization of sin” as debt .

By definition, a Corporation is an association of one (1) or more persons that has undergone the ritual of incorporation.

There are essentially two (2) types of Corporations, distinguished primarily by their instrument and rules of incorporation:

(i) Chartered Corporations are Corporations incorporated through the granting of some exclusive rights and privileges through charter or private act, often perpetual and validated by one (1) or more public or private acts of a legislative body of a sovereign estate; and

(ii) Registered or Recognized Corporations are Corporations incorporated through the recognition of their existence, acceptance of certain rights and independence of rule by some constitution through treaty or registration.

In respect to Chartered Corporations:

(i) The rights and privileges of the Corporation are defined by the public or private charter; and

(ii) Chartered Corporations are normally by definition the creation of perpetual monopolies that cannot “lawfully” be dissolved unless the trustees choose to surrender the charter to the sovereign authority that issued same, or if either the sovereign or trustees have breached the articles of the charter; and

(iii) As perpetual monopolies, once a Chartered Corporation was granted some exclusive right or privilege by a sovereign estate, a second chartered company was rarely formed with the exact same rights, unless the previous entity and its charter had been dissolved; and

(iv) The primary rules of operation of the Chartered Corporation are usually defined by the public or private act that created same; and

(v) A Chartered Corporation could be granted the right to sell stock (shares) to the public to help raise capital or in amendments to its charter, convert from a public stock Corporation to a private Corporation or vice versa; and

(vi) The first chartered companies were formed from the 16th Century with the practice of forming chartered companies peaking in the 17th Century and dramatically reducing by the end of the 19th Century.

In respect to Recognized or Registered Corporations:

(i) The rights and privileges of the Corporation are defined by acts and statutes at large of the sovereign estate dealing with treaties, truces and existing chartered Corporations; and

(ii) The rules of a Recognized or Registered Corporation are usually defined either within a treaty, or deed followed by some constitution drafted and determined by the members of the association themselves; and

(iii) The recognition or registration of a Corporation is by either its explicit naming and recognition as a valid entity in one (1) or more acts and statutes of the sovereign estate or through the creation of some formal register or ledger and registration process as per modern Registered Corporations; and

(iv) The dissolving of a Recognized or Registered Corporations was either by the repudiation of its primary rights and privileges by an act of law or by its de-registration as in the case of many modern Corporations; and

(v) Unlike chartered Corporations, Recognized or Registered Corporations were not usually granted exclusive monopolies except in cases such as the United States of America – a Recognized Corporation formed in 1783; and

(vi) Recognized or Registered Corporations could be granted the right to sell stock (shares) to the public to help raise capital or in amendments to its charter, convert from a public stock Corporation to a private Corporation or vice versa; and

(vii) The first Recognized non-chartered Corporation formed from the 17th Century was the United States of America through the Treaty of Paris which was recognized above the original chartered Corporations initially granted rights in America but which subsequently had declared war against the Crown with the land owners refusing to respond to the act of parliament in 1782 with an effective peace offering.

The first Corporations from the 16th Century were created essentially as chartered companies being:

(i) The first chartered company of England was in 1522 called the “Company of Physicians" of London; and

(ii) The first chartered company of the Netherlands was in 1602 called the “Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie” or “VOC” or Dutch East India Company. The company was formally dissolved in 1800 into the Batavian Republic; and

(iii) The first chartered company of France was in 1613 called the Company of One Hundred Associates. In 1663 the company surrendered its charter.

(iv) The first chartered Company of Denmark was in 1616 called the Dansk Østindisk Kompagni, or Danish East India Company. In 1770, the company lost its monopoly and by 1845 sold its remaining rights of the original charter to Great Britain; and

(v) The first chartered company of Portugal was in 1628 called the “Companhia do commércio da Índia or Companhia da Índia Oriental” also known as the Dutch East India Company. The company ceased trading in 1633; and

(vi) The first chartered company of Scotland was in 1634 called the Guinea Company of Scotland. The company was dissolved and the rights of the company and its charter were conveyed to the Company of Scotland in 1695.