II.   Sovereign

"Bar an Measúir", also known as "Bar and Measure", also known in more recent centuries as “Weights and Measures”; are the first standards of: time, distance, area, volume and weight invented by the Holly of Ireland in the 5th millennium BCE and exported as divine knowledge across the ancient world.

The word measure comes from 5th millennium BCE ancient Irish term measúir meaning “determine or make equal using comparison standard”. The term measúir itself comes from ancient Irish word meas meaning “think, reckon, value, esteem” and úir meaning “soil, earth”.

The word bar comes from 5th millennium BCE ancient Irish term bárá meaning “rod, weight or standard used for measure”. The word itself comes from early Irish word Bá meaning “affinity; spirit” and Rá meaning “king”.

Contrary to claims of the origin of measurement from Mesopotamia, it is the Irish and then the Celts that first established standards, then copied by ancient cultures such as Ebla in the 4th Millennium BCE and then across the ancient world.

In the 5th millennium BCE, the Holly Irish invented the concept of the sixty (60) second minute, the sixty (60) minute hour and the twenty four (24) hour day, which spread across the ancient world by the 3rd millennium BCE:

(i) The day was called dá, from which the word day is ultimately derived; and

(ii) The hour was called uair, from which the word hour is ultimately derived; and

(iii) The minute was called míon from which the word minute is ultimate derived; and

(iv) The second was called dare meaning the smallest unit of time of the age of a king.

In the 5th millennium BCE, the Holly Irish invented the word for season séasúr(season) and created the concept of fifty two (52) weeks by seven (7) days a year, with one (1) celebratory day being new years day upon the winter solstice:

(i) New Years Day was called soltíde (solstice) celebrated near the winter solstice from the ancient Irish word sol(us) meaning "sun" and tíde meaning "change of time, change of weather". Later this was corrupted to “yuletide” to hide its provenance; and

(ii) The rest of the year was divided into thirteen (13) months (called mí) of four (4) weeks of seven (7) days to make twenty eight (28) days. Some of the modern names for months in Roman time originate from the Holly including but not limited to Febra (February), Mart (March), Apréil (April), Mai (May) and Auguist (August).

In the 5th millennium BCE, it was the Holly Irish that created and named a seven (7) day week called “seach” in honor of the visible planets and the Sun. This seven (7) day a week calendar became famous in Ebla and spread to the ancient world:

(i) each day of the week (seach) ended in the letters "di" from diá meaning "god/goddess"; and

(ii) lùnadi also known as "Monday" was the first day of the week in honor of the Moon, from lùi meaning "beloved, curved, object of value" and na "that, which is"; and

(iii) marsadi also known as "Tuesday" was the second day of the week in honor of Mars mar meaning "in the manner of, likeness of" and sa meaning "victorious, mighty, strong warrior"; and

(iv) mercaoirdi also known as "Wednesday" was the third day of the week in honor of Mercury mer meaning "red, dark" and caoir "blaze, stream of sparks; piece of coal"; and

(v) lùpitar also known as "Thursday" was the fourth of the week in honor of Jupiter lùi meaning "beloved, curved, object of value" and pitar "sister"; and

(vi) lucifeardi (pronounced "lucky feardi") also known as "Friday" was the fifth of the week in honor of Venus luc/luci meaning God of "good fortune, gold, skills and knowledge" and fear meaning "the best of"; and

(vii) sátandi also known as "Saturday" was the sixth of the week in honor of Saturn sát meaning "fulfilled" and an "at the height of his/her powers"; and

(viii) solusdi also known as "Sunday" was the last of the week in honor of was the Sunsolus meaning "sun".

In terms of the measurement of distance, the Holly Irish were the first in the world to devise a consistent measurement system over very small to very large lengths:

(i) ínch (also written as ínce) meaning "a nail of finger or toe; a claw or talon of bird" being the base unit of measurement from the beginning of civilized history, first invented and claimed by the Cuilliaéan (Holly); and

(ii) lámh meaning "hand" being the second unit of length equals a length of 4 ínches; and

(iii) cúbith being a historic standard unit of measurement invented and claimed by the Cuilliaéan (Holly) meaning "sacred measure of life and being" equals a length of 28 ínches or 7 lámh; and

(iv) fathóm meaning "a single peat and smaller than one thousanth measure of a mile" equals a length of 56 ínches, or 2 cúbith; and

(v) rod meaning "division of place" equals a length of 6 cúbith or 168 ínches; and

(vi) fearlón meaning "man's sustenance" equals a length of 360 cubits, or 60 rods, or 180 fathann

(vii) mile meaning a thousand equals a length of 8 fearlón, 480 rods, 2880 cúbith and 1440 fathóm; and

(viii) leaghe (also known as league) meaning “melt, push through” which equals a distance of 3 miles.

In terms of the measurement of area, the Holly Irish were the first in the world to devise a consistent measurement system of area over the allocation of land:

(i) plot meaning a small field = 36 cubits by 60 cubits; and

(ii) acre meaning "field of the king; field leased (over time) from the king" = 36 cúbith by 360 cúbith or 6 plots; and

(iii) seis(e) meaning “the lands and likes of a fine” = 120 acres

In terms of the measurement of weight, the Holly Irish were the first in the world to devise a consistent measurement system of weight in the measure of goods and currency:

(i) One (1) Scrupal was equal to twenty (20) grains; and

(ii) Three (3) Scrupal were then called a dràm from which the ancient Greek δραχμὴ (drachma) unit is sourced and the international standard weight measure (4.32 gram) for traded ancient coins for several thousand years; and

(iii) Eight (8) dràm was equal to one (1) unnsa (34.56 gram) from which the ancient measure of ounce is derived; and

(iv) Sixteen (16) unnsachan (ounces) was equal to one (1) pund (552.96 gram), from which the ancient measure of pound is derived; and

(v) Sixty (60) punds was equal to one (1) talann (33.17 Kg), from which the ancient measure of talent is derived.